Return to References: Adverse Experiences factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children (TESI-C): (Ippen et al., 2002): Evaluates a child's exposure to traumatic events such as injuries, hospitalizations, accidents, disasters, domestic violence, community violence, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. There are parent-report and child-report versions of the scale.
Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335-340.
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., … Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174-186.
Armfield, J. M., Ey, L. A., Zufferey, C., Gnanamanickam, E. S., & Segal, L. (2021). Educational strengths and functional resilience at the start of primary school following child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 122, 105301.
Berg, K. L., Shiu, C. S., Feinstein, R. T., Acharya, K., MeDrano, J., & Msall, M. E. (2019). Children with developmental disabilities experience higher levels of adversity. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 89, 105-113.
Bevilacqua, L., Heilmann, A., Kelly, Y., Lacey, R. E., & Priest, N.,(2021). Adverse childhood experiences and trajectories of internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors from childhood to adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 112, 104890.
Bhui, K., Shakoor, S., Mankee-Williams, A., & Otis, M. (2022). Creative arts and digitial interventions as potential tools in prevention and recovery from the mental health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. Nature Communications, 13(1), 7870.
Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016). Early adverse experiences and the developing brain. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 177-196.
Blumberg, H. P., Spann, M. N., Guiney, J., Mayes, L. C., Kalmar, J. H., Womer, F. Y., Pittman, B., ... & (2012). Childhood abuse and neglect and cognitive flexibility in adolescents. Child Neuropsychology, 18(2), 182-189.
Bremner, J. D. (2003). Long-term effects of childhood abuse on brain and neurobiology. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(2), 271-292.
Brown, N. M., Brown, S. N., Briggs, R. D., Germán, M., Belamarich, P. F., & Oyeku, S. O. (2017). Associations between adverse childhood experiences and ADHD diagnosis and severity. Academic Pediatrics, 17(4), 349-355.
Buckley, H., Holt, S., & Whelan, S. (2007). Listen to me! Children's experiences of domestic violence. Child Abuse Review: Journal of the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 16(5), 296-310.
Burenkova, O. V., Naumova, O. Y., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2021). Stress in the onset and aggravation of learning disabilities. Developmental Review, 61, 100968.
Choi, J., Jeong, B., Rohan, M. L., Polcari, A. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2009). Preliminary evidence for white matter tract abnormalities in young adults exposed to parental verbal abuse. Biological Psychiatry, 65(3), 227-234.
Clarkson Freeman, P. A. (2014). Prevalence and relationship between adverse childhood experiences and child behavior among young children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 35(6), 544-554.
Cohen, E., & Gadassi, R. (2018). The function of play for coping and therapy with children exposed to disasters and political violence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20, 1-7.
Cohrdes, C., & Mauz, E. (2020). Self-efficacy and emotional stability buffer negative effects of adverse childhood experiences on young adult health-related quality of life. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(1), 93-100.
Copeland, W.E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E.J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 577–584.
DePrince, A. P., Weinzierl, K. M., & Combs, M. D. (2009). Executive function performance and trauma exposure in a community sample of children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(6), 353-361.
Dong, Q., Garcia, B., Pham, A. V., & Cumming, M. (2020). Culturally responsive approaches for addressing ADHD within multi-tiered systems of support. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22, 1-10.
Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59(2), 77.
Ezikwelu, E. U. (2020). Institutional Racism and Campus Racial Climate: Struggles for Sense of Belonging and Academic Success Among Black Students in the K-12 Public Schools. Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis, 10(1).
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2015). Prevalence of childhood exposure to violence, crime, and abuse: Results from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 746-754.
Foster, J., & Hagedorn, W. (2014). A qualitative exploration of fear and safety with child victims of sexual abuse. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 36(3), 243-262.
Goldstein, E., Topitzes, J., Miller-Cribbs, J., & Brown, R. L. (2021). Influence of race/ethnicity and income on the link between adverse childhood experiences and child flourishing. Pediatric Research, 89(7), 1861-1869.
Goodman, J. B., Freeman, E. E., & Chalmers, K. A. (2019). The relationship between early life stress and working memory in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Memory, 27(6), 868-880.
Hall, W. C., Dye, T. D., & Siddiqi, S. (2023). Associations of childhood hearing loss and adverse childhood experiences in deaf adults. Plos One, 18(6).
Harris‐Britt, A., Valrie, C. R., Kurtz‐Costes, B., & Rowley, S. J. (2007). Perceived racial discrimination and self‐esteem in African American youth: Racial socialization as a protective factor. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(4), 669-682.
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., ... & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356-e366.
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., ... & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8).
Hymel, S., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Miller, L. (2006). Reading, ‘riting, ‘rithmetic and relationships: Considering the social side of education. Exceptionality Education Canada, 16(3), 1-44.
Immordino-Yang, M.H. (2007). A tale of two cases: Lessons for education from the study of two boys living with half their brains. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1, 66-83.
Ippen, C. G., Ford, J., Racusin, R., Acker, M., Bosquet, M., Rogers, K., ... Edwards, J. (2002). Traumatic Events Screening Inventory - Parent Report Revised.
Jackson, D. B., Testa, A., & Vaughn, M. G. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and school readiness among preschool-aged children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 230, 191-197.
Jensen, T. K., Gulbrandsen, W., Mossige, S., Reichelt, S., & Tjersland, O. A. (2005). Reporting possible sexual abuse: A qualitative study on children's perspectives and the context for disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(12), 1395-1413.
Jernigan, M. M., & Daniel, J. H. (2011). Racial trauma in the lives of Black children and adolescents: Challenges and clinical implications. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4(2), 123-141.
Jimenez, M. E., Lin, Y., Morrow, L. M., Reichman, N. E. & Wade, R., (2016). Adverse experiences in early childhood and kindergarten outcomes. Pediatrics, 137(2).
Johnson, P., Cawthon, S., Fink, B., Wendel, E., & Schoffstall, S. (2018). Trauma and resilience among deaf individuals. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 23(4), 317-330.
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 706-716.
Kwong, T. Y., & Hayes, D. K. (2017). Adverse family experiences and flourishing amongst children ages 6–17 years: 2011/12 National Survey of Children's Health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 240-246.
Lee, K., & Markey, J. (2022). Effects of adverse childhood experiences on developmental outcomes for head start eligible low income children. Journal of Social Service Research, 48(1), 45-62.
Loomis, A. M. (2021). The influence of early adversity on self-regulation and student-teacher relationships in preschool. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 54, 294-306.
Lund, J. I., Toombs, E., Radford, A., Boles, K., & Mushquash, C. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and executive function difficulties in children: a systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 106, 104485.
Maguire-Jack, K., Lanier, P., & Lombardi, B. (2020). Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(1), 106.
Mansueto, G., Caselli, G., Ruggiero, G. M., & Sassaroli, S. (2019). Metacognitive beliefs and childhood adversities: An overview of the literature. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 24(5), 542-550.
Marcelo, A. K., & Yates, T. M. (2019). Young children's ethnic-racial identity moderates the impact of early discrimination experiences on child behavior problems. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(2), 253–265.
Marusak, H. A., Martin, K. R., Etkin, A., & Thomason, M. E. (2015). Childhood trauma exposure disrupts the automatic regulation of emotional processing. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(5), 1250-1258.
Masson, M., Bussieres, E. L., East-Richard, C., R-Mercier, A., & Cellard, C. (2015). Neuropsychological profile of children, adolescents and adults experiencing maltreatment: a meta-analysis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(5), 573-594.
McKelvey, L. M., Edge, N. C., Mesman, G. R., Whiteside-Mansell, L., & Bradley, R. H. (2018). Adverse experiences in infancy and toddlerhood: Relations to adaptive behavior and academic status in middle childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 82, 168-177.
Merrick, M. T., Ford, D. C., Ports, K. A., & Guinn, A. S. (2018). Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences from the 2011-2014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 23 states. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11), 1038-1044.
Mesquita, S., & Martins, P. C. (2022). Social information-processing in children with adverse experiences. Trauma Care, 2(2), 162-173.
Murphey, D., & Sacks, V. (2019). Supporting Students with Adverse Childhood Experiences: How Educators and Schools Can Help. American Educator, 43(2), 8-11.
Neblett Jr, E. W., White, R. L., Ford, K. R., Philip, C. L., Nguyen, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. (2008). Patterns of racial socialization and psychological adjustment: Can parental communications about race reduce the impact of racial discrimination?. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 477-515.
Nuttman-Shwartz, O. (2019). The moderating role of resilience resources and sense of belonging to the school among children and adolescents in continuous traumatic stress situations. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(9), 1261-1285.
Pailler, M.E., Kassam-Adams, N., Datner, E.M., & Fein, J.A. (2007). Depression, acute stress and behavioral risk factors in violently injured adolescents. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29(4), 357–363.
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Radford, A., Toombs, E., Zugic, K., Boles, K., Lund, J., & Mushquash, C. J. (2022). Examining adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) within Indigenous populations: A systematic review. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15(2), 401-421.
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Sanderud, K., Murphy, S., & Elklit, A. (2016). Child maltreatment and ADHD symptoms in a sample of young adults. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 32061.
Schwartz, D., Gorman, A. H., Nakamoto, J., & Toblin, R. L. (2005). Victimization in the peer group and children's academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(3), 425 – 435.
Segal, A., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2019). Impact of adverse childhood experiences on language skills and promising school interventions. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 34(4), 317-322.
Simons, R. L., Murry, V., McLoyd, V., Lin, K. H., Cutrona, C., & Conger, R. D. (2002). Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 371–393.
Spann, M. N., Mayes, L. C., & Kalmar, J. H. (2012). Childhood abuse and neglect and cognitive flexibility in adolescents. Child Neuropsychology, 18(2), 182–189.
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