Return to References: Civic Mindedness factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
Short Critical Consciousness Scale: (Diemer et al., 2022): 13 item scale to measure aspects of critical reflection and critical action for older adolescents and adults.
Allen, D., & Kidd, D. (2022). Civic learning for the 21st century: Disentangling the “thin” and “thick” elements of civic identity to support civic education. In Handbook of Philosophy of Education (pp. 27-41). Routledge.
Ballard, P. J., Malin, H., Porter, T. J., Colby, A., & Damon, W. (2015). Motivations for civic participation among diverse youth: More similarities than differences. Research in Human Development, 12(1-2), 63-83.
Bañales, J., Hope, E. C., Rowley, S. J., & Cryer‐Coupet, Q. R. (2021). Raising justice‐minded youth: Parental ethnic‐racial and political socialization and Black youth's critical consciousness. Journal of Social Issues, 77(4), 964-986.
Bañales, J., Marchand, A. D., Skinner, O. D., Anyiwo, N., Rowley, S. J., & Kurtz‐Costes, B. (2020). Black adolescents' critical reflection development: Parents' racial socialization and attributions about race achievement gaps. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30, 403-417.
Barton, K. C., & Ho, L. C. (2021). Curriculum for justice and harmony: Deliberation, knowledge, and action in social and civic education. Routledge.
Beaumont, E. (2012). What does recent research suggest about civic learning & civic action in young adults 18-30?: Some insights and foundations for further work.
Bevilacqua, L., Kelly, Y., Heilmann, A., Priest, N., & Lacey, R. E. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and trajectories of internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors from childhood to adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 112, 104890.
Diemer, M. A., Frisby, M. B., Pinedo, A., Bardelli, E., Elliot, E., Harris, E., ... & Voight, A. M. (2022). Development of the short critical consciousness scale (ShoCCS). Applied Developmental Science, 26(3), 409-425.
Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2019). Feel good, do good online? Spillover and crossover effects of happiness on adolescents' online prosocial behavior. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1241-1258.
Encina, Y., & Berger, C. (2021). Civic behavior and sense of belonging at school: The moderating role of school climate. Child Indicators Research, 14, 1453-1477.
Flanagan, C. A., Bowes, J. M., Jonsson, B., Csapo, B., & Sheblanova, E. (2020). Ties that bind: Correlates of adolescents' civic commitments in seven countries. In Experiencing Social Research (pp. 303-322). Routledge.
Fu, W., Wang, C., Chai, H., & Xue, R. (2022). Examining the relationship of empathy, social support, and prosocial behavior of adolescents in China: A structural equation modeling approach. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), 1-8.
Gariépy, G., Riehm, K. E., Whitehead, R. D., Doré, I., & Elgar, F. J. (2019). Teenage night owls or early birds? Chronotype and the mental health of adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research, 28(3), e12723.
Haduong, P., Jeffries, J., Pao, A., Webb, W., Allen, D., & Kidd, D. (2023). Who am I and what do I care about? Supporting civic identity development in civic education. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 17461979231151616.
Hansen, D. M., Larson, R. W., & Dworkin, J. B. (2003). What adolescents learn in organized youth activities: A survey of self‐reported developmental experiences. Journal of research on adolescence, 13(1), 25-55.
Heberle, A. E., Rapa, L. J., & Farago, F. (2020). Critical consciousness in children and adolescents: A systematic review, critical assessment, and recommendations for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 146(6), 525.
Hopper, J., Stowers, S., Brinkley, C. J., Smith, O., & Saarnio, D. (2019). Developing Civic-Mindedness in Middle-and High-School Students Using Service-Learning. Interdisciplinary STEM Teaching & Learning Conference.
Jain, S., Cohen, A. K., Kawashima-Ginsberg, K., Duarte, C. D. P., & Pope, A. (2019). Civic engagement among youth exposed to community violence: Directions for research and practice. Journal of Youth Development, 14(1), 24-47.
Le, T. U., Johnson, S. K., & Lerner, J. V. (2023). Exploring moderators of the relationship between adolescents' social responsibility and civic actions. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 391-405.
Lerner, R. M., & Callina, K. S. (2014). The study of character development: Towards tests of a relational developmental systems model. Human Development, 57(6), 322–346
Long, Z., Zhao, A., Chen, Y., Li, R., Xia, Y., Guo, Y., & Li, S. (2022). The associations of chronotype and social jetlag with prosocial behavior problems among Chinese adolescents. Chronobiology International, 39(11), 1498-1507.
Ludden, A. B. (2011). Engagement in school and community civic activities among rural adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1254-1270.
Malin, H., Ballard, P. J., & Damon, W. (2015). Civic purpose: An integrated construct for understanding civic development in adolescence. Human Development, 58(2), 103-130.
Melaville, A., Berg, A. C., & Blank, M. J. (2006). Community-Based Learning: Engaging Students for Success and Citizenship. Coalition for Community Schools.
Neri, R. C. (2020). Difficult funds of knowledge as pedagogical resources for critical consciousness development. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(9/10), 749-767.
Ochs, E., & Izquierdo, C. (2009). Responsibility in childhood: Three developmental trajectories. Ethos, 37(4), 391-413
Saavedra, A. R. (2016). Academic civic mindedness and model citizenship in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. The Social Studies, 107(1), 1-13.
Saavedra, J. A., Matriano, R., Yoo, H. C., & White, R. M. (2023). Familial critical consciousness socialization: How key family theories can expand racial‐ethnic socialization research among Asian American families. Journal of Family Theory & Review.
Schlesinger, M., Sawyer, J., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Fabiano, R. (2020). Play captains on play streets: A community-university playful learning and teen leadership collaboration.
Seider, S., Clark, S., & Graves, D. (2020). The development of critical consciousness and its relation to academic achievement in adolescents of color. Child Development, 91(2), e451-e474.
Seider, S., Graves, D., El-Amin, A., Kelly, L., Soutter, M., Clark, S., ... & Tamerat, J. (2023). The development of critical consciousness in adolescents of color attending “opposing” schooling models. Journal of Adolescent Research, 38(1), 3-47.
Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., & Lee, N. J. (2009). Communication competence as a foundation for civic competence: Processes of socialization into citizenship. Political Communication, 26(1), 102-117.
Vollhardt, J. R. (2009). Altruism born of suffering and prosocial behavior following adverse life events: A review and conceptualization. Social Justice Research, 22, 53-97.
Walker & Frimer. (2015). Developmental Trajectories of Agency and Communion in Moral Motivation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 61(3), 412.
Wentzel, K. R. (2014). Prosocial behavior and peer relations in adolescence. Prosocial Development: A Multidimensional Approach, 178-200.
Wray-Lake, L., & Shubert, J. (2019). Understanding stability and change in civic engagement across adolescence: A typology approach. Developmental Psychology, 55(10), 2169.
Wray‐Lake, L., & Syvertsen, A. K. (2011). The developmental roots of social responsibility in childhood and adolescence. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2011(134), 11-25.
Yao, Z. (2023). The influence of social support on low-income adolescents' prosocial behavior: the mediating role of social goals. Children and Youth Services Review, 107201.
Zarrett, N., Liu, Y., Vandell, D. L., & Simpkins, S. D. (2021). The role of organized activities in supporting youth moral and civic character development: A review of the literature. Adolescent Research Review, 6, 199-227.