Return to References: Identity factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
Ethnic Identity Scale: (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004): A likert scale with 17 items that assesses exploration, resolution, and affirmation.
Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity--Teen: (MIBI--T; Scottham et al., 2008): A likert scale with 21 items, measuring centrality, regard, and ideology aspects of racial Identity.
Cross Racial Identity Scale: (CRIS; Vandiver et al., 2000): Assesses six racial identity attitudes: assimilation, miseducation, self-hatred, anti-White, Afrocentricity, and multiculturalist inclusive.
Akiba, D., Szalacha, L. A., & García Coll, C. T. (2004). Multiplicity of ethnic identification during middle childhood: Conceptual and methodological considerations. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 104, 45-60.
Aronson, J., & Good, C. (2002). The development and consequences of stereotype vulnerability in adolescents. Academic Motivation of Adolescents, 2.
Behrendt, M., & Franklin, T. (2014). A review of research on school field trips and their value in education. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 9(3), 235-245.
Brown, C. S., Tam, M. J., Kwan, K. M. W., & Wong, W. I. (2022). Gender-based discrimination in childhood and adolescence. Gender and Sexuality Development: Contemporary Theory and Research, 277-299.
Burnett, M., Kurtz-Costes, B., Vuletich, H. A., & Rowley, S. J. (2020). The development of academic and nonacademic race stereotypes in African American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 56(9), 1750.
Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Leath, S., Williams, A., Byrd, C., Carter, R., & Chavous, T. M. (2018). Promoting resilience among African American girls: Racial identity as a protective factor. Child Development, 89(6), e552-e571.
Byrd, C. M., & Legette, K. B. (2022). School ethnic–racial socialization and adolescent ethnic–racial identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 28(2), 205.
Compton-Lilly, C., Papoi, K., Venegas, P., Hamman, L., & Schwabenbauer, B. (2017). Intersectional identity negotiation: The case of young immigrant children. Journal of Literacy Research, 49(1), 115-140.
Derlan Williams, C., Byrd, C. M., Quintana, S. M., Anicama, C., Kiang, L., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., ... & Whitesell, N. (2020). A lifespan model of ethnic-racial identity. Research in Human Development, 17(2-3), 99-129.
Egalite, A. J., Kisida, B., & Winters, M. A. (2015). Representation in the classroom: The effect of own-race teachers on student achievement. Economics of Education Review, 45, 44-52.
Eichengreen, A., Zaidman-Zait, A., Most, T., & Golik, G. (2022). Resilience from childhood to young adulthood: Retrospective perspectives of deaf and hard of hearing people who studied in regular schools.
Esteban-Guitart, M., & Moll, L. C. (2014). Funds of identity: A new concept based on the funds of knowledge approach. Culture & Psychology, 20(1), 31-48.
García Franco, A., Ferrara Reyes, L., & Gómez Galindo, A. A. (2022). Culturally relevant science education and critical thinking in indigenous people: bridging the gap between community and school science. Critical Thinking in Biology and Environmental Education: Facing Challenges in a Post-Truth World, 55-72.
Gershenson, S., Hart, C. M., Hyman, J., Lindsay, C. A., & Papageorge, N. W. (2022). The long-run impacts of same-race teachers. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 14(4), 300-342.
Goodman, E., Huang, B., Schafer-Kalkhoff, T., & Adler, N. E. (2007). Perceived socioeconomic status: a new type of identity that influences adolescents' self-rated health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(5), 479-487.
Graham, S., Kogachi, K., & Morales-Chicas, J. (2022). Do I Fit In: Race/Ethnicity and Feelings of Belonging in School. Educational Psychology Review, 34(4), 2015-2042.
Harris‐Britt, A., Valrie, C. R., Kurtz‐Costes, B., & Rowley, S. J. (2007). Perceived racial discrimination and self‐esteem in African American youth: Racial socialization as a protective factor. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(4), 669-682.
Heidelburg, K., Phelps, C., & Collins, T. A. (2022). Reconceptualizing school safety for Black students. School Psychology International, 43(6), 591-612.
Horton, C., & Carlile, A. (2022). “We Just Think of Her as One of the Girls”: Applying a Trans Inclusion Staged Model to the Experiences of Trans Children and Youth in UK Primary and Secondary Schools. Teachers College Record, 124(8), 168-191.
Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770.
Le Menestrel, S., Duncan, G., & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). A Demographic Portrait of Child Poverty in the United States. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty.
Lesane-Brown, C. L. (2006). A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26(4), 400-426.
Master, A., Meltzoff, A. N., & Cheryan, S. (2021). Gender stereotypes about interests start early and cause gender disparities in computer science and engineering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(48), e2100030118.
Master, A. H., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2020). Cultural stereotypes and sense of belonging contribute to gender gaps in STEM. Grantee Submission, 12(1), 152-198.
Meeus, W. (2017). Adolescent ethnic identity in social context: A commentary. Child Development, 88(3), 761-766.
McHatton, P. A., Shaunessy, E., Hughes, C., Brice, A., & Ratliff, M. A. (2007). You Gotta Represent¡ Ethnic Identity Development among Hispanic Adolescents. Multicultural Perspectives, 9(3), 12-20.
Mejía-Arauz, R., Rogoff, B., Dayton, A., & Henne-Ochoa, R. (2018). Collaboration or negotiation: Two ways of interacting suggest how shared thinking develops. Current Opinion in Psychology, 23, 117-123.
McManus, B. M., Richardson, Z., Schenkman, M., Murphy, N., & Morrato, E. H. (2019). Timing and intensity of early intervention service use and outcomes among a safety-net population of children. JAMA Network Open, 2(1), e187529-e187529.
Miller-Cotto, D., & Byrnes, J. P. (2016). Ethnic/racial identity and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 41, 51-70.
Mills, L. A., & Katzman, W. (2015). Examining the effects of field trips on science identity. International Association for Development of the Information Society.
Mills, M. T., & Washington, J. A. (2015). Managing two varieties: Code-switching in the educational context.
Neblett Jr, E. W., Philip, C. L., Cogburn, C. D., & Sellers, R. M. (2006). African American adolescents' discrimination experiences and academic achievement: Racial socialization as a cultural compensatory and protective factor. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(2), 199-218.
Neblett Jr, E. W., White, R. L., Ford, K. R., Philip, C. L., Nguyen, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. (2008). Patterns of racial socialization and psychological adjustment: Can parental communications about race reduce the impact of racial discrimination?. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 477-515.
Ochs, E., & Izquierdo, C. (2009). Responsibility in childhood: Three developmental trajectories. Ethos, 37(4), 391-413.
Payne, E., & Smith, M. (2013). LGBTQ kids, school safety, and missing the big picture: How the dominant bullying discourse prevents school professionals from thinking about systemic marginalization or… why we need to rethink LGBTQ bullying. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, (1), 1-36.
Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Trenerry, B., Truong, M., Karlsen, S., & Kelly, Y. (2013). A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Social Science & Medicine, 95, 115-127.
Rittmayer, A. D., & Beier, M. E. (2008). Overview: Self-efficacy in STEM. SWE-AWE CASEE Overviews, 1(3), 12.
Rivas‐Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C., Quintana, S., Syed, M., Lee, R. M., ... & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Development, 85(1), 40-57.
Robertson, A. O., Tadić, V., & Rahi, J. S. (2021). This is me: A qualitative investigation of young people's experience of growing up with visual impairment. Plos One, 16(7), e0254009.
Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2006). Gender Development. Handbook of Child Psychology, Social, Emotional, and Personality Development, 858-932. John Wiley & Sons.
Ruck, M. D., Hughes, D. L., & Niwa, E. Y. (2021). Through the looking glass: Ethnic racial socialization among children and adolescents. Journal of Social Issues, 77(4), 943-963.
Scottham, K. M., Sellers, R. M., & Nguyen, H. X. (2008). A measure of racial identity in African American adolescents: the development of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity--Teen. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 297.
Seider, S., Clark, S., & Graves, D. (2020). The development of critical consciousness and its relation to academic achievement in adolescents of color. Child Development, 91(2), e451-e474.
Sica, L. S., Ragozini, G., Di Palma, T., & Aleni Sestito, L. (2019). Creativity as identity skill? Late adolescents' management of identity, complexity and risk‐taking. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 53(4), 457-471.
Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 19-25.
Spiegler, O., & Leyendecker, B. (2017). Balanced cultural identities promote cognitive flexibility among immigrant children. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1579.
Stumblingbear-Riddle, G., & Romans, J. S. (2012). Resilience among urban American Indian adolescents: exploration into the role of culture, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and social support. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research: The Journal of the National Center, 19(2), 1-19.
Syed, M., & Azmitia, M. (2008). A narrative approach to ethnic identity in emerging adulthood: bringing life to the identity status model. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1012.
Talafian, H., Moy, M. K., Woodard, M. A., & Foster, A. N. (2019). STEM identity exploration through an immersive learning environment. Journal for STEM Education Research, 2, 105-127.
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., Dougé, J., Cavanaugh, R. M., Lacroix, A. E., Fanburg, J., & Wallace, S. B. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144(2).
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Yazedjian, A. & Bámaca-Gómez, M. Y. (2004). Developing the Ethnic Identity Scale using Eriksonian and social identity perspectives. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4, 9-38.
Vandiver, B. J., Cross Jr, W. E., Fhagen-Smith, P. E., Worrell, F. C., Swim, J., & Caldwell, L. (2000). Cross racial identity scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology.
Vezzali, L., Gocłowska, M. A., Crisp, R. J., & Stathi, S. (2016). On the relationship between cultural diversity and creativity in education: The moderating role of communal versus divisional mindset. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 21, 152-157.
Warner, L. R. (2008). A best practices guide to intersectional approaches in psychological research. Sex Roles, 59(5-6), 454-463.
Wellenreiter, B. R. (2021). Where the action is: Exploring adolescents' perspectives of middle school social venues. Middle School Journal, 52(2), 5-13.
Williams, C. D., Byrd, C. M., Quintana, S. M., Anicama, C., Kiang, L., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., ... & Whitesell, N. (2020). A lifespan model of ethnic-racial identity. Research in Human Development, 17(2-3), 99-129.