Return to References: Socioeconomic Status factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
Socioeconomic Status Measurements: (American Psychological Association, 2007): Several measurements can be used when determining Socioeconomic Status. Typically, household income, parent education, and occupation are all considered. Sometimes researchers choose to use a student's individual Socioeconomic Status, but they may also use an aggregated Socioeconomic Status based on the school the student attends.
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Gardner-Neblett, N., & Iruka, I. U. (2015). Oral narrative skills: Explaining the language-emergent literacy link by race/ethnicity and SES. Developmental Psychology, 51(7), 889-904.
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Leonard, J. A., Mackey, A. P., Finn, A. S., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2015). Differential effects of socioeconomic status on working and procedural memory systems. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 554.
Levesque, A. R., MacDonald, S., Berg, S. A., & Reka, R. (2021). Assessing the impact of changes in household socioeconomic status on the health of children and adolescents: a systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 6, 91-123.
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Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2006). Social support as a buffer in the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic performance. School Psychology Quarterly, 21(4), 375.
Milas, G., Klarić, I. M., Malnar, A., Šupe‐Domić, D., & Slavich, G. M. (2019). Socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, life stress, and health behaviors in a national sample of adolescents. Stress and Health, 35(2), 217-224.
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Noble, K. G., Wolmetz, M. E., Ochs, L. G., Farah, M. J., & McCandliss, B. D. (2006). Brain–behavior relationships in reading acquisition are modulated by socioeconomic factors. Developmental Science, 9(6), 642-654.
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Roy, A. L., McCoy, D. C., & Raver, C. C. (2014). Instability versus quality: Residential mobility, neighborhood poverty, and children's self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 50(7), 1891.
Russell, A. E., Ford, T., & Russell, G. (2015). Socioeconomic associations with ADHD: Findings from a mediation analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(6), 1–16.
Santiago, C. D., Wadsworth, M. E., & Stump, J. (2011). Socioeconomic status, neighborhood disadvantage, and poverty-related stress: Prospective effects on psychological syndromes among diverse low-income families. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(2), 218-230.
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Sosso, F. A. E., Holmes, S. D., & Weinstein, A. A. (2021). Influence of socioeconomic status on objective sleep measurement: A systematic review and meta-analysis of actigraphy studies. Sleep Health, 7(4), 417-428.
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Smith, B., Zhang, J., Pham, G. N., Pakanati, K., Raol, N., Ongkasuwan, J., & Anne, S. (2019). Effects of socioeconomic status on children with hearing loss. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 116, 114-117.
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Spencer, B., & Castano, E. (2007). Social class is dead. Long live social class! Stereotype threat among low socioeconomic status individuals. Social Justice Research, 20, 418-432.
Taylor, B. M., Pearson, D. P., Clark, K., & Walpole, S. (2000). Effective schools and accomplished teachers: Lessons about primary-grade reading instruction in low-income schools. The Elementary School Journal, 101(2), 121-165.
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Zhao, S., Chen, L., King, R. B., Nie, Y., Du, H., & Chi, P. (2021). When adolescents believe that SES can be changed, they achieve more: The role of growth mindset of SES. Personality and Individual Differences, 183, 111104.