Return to References: Vision factor page.
Numerous measures exist to gain a full picture of a student's learning strengths and challenges. Following are examples of measures used to assess this Learner Factor. These measures should be administered and interpreted by experienced professionals.
Vision: Screening (American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2014)**: Screening for difficulties with visual acuity in children typically involves an eye chart with shapes and symbols rather than letters, and the child identifies symbols with both eyes and each eye individually at varying distances.
Extensive Vision Evaluations: (American Optometric Association, 2019)**: These exams thoroughly test all aspects of Vision. This may include tests of visual field, binocular vision, convergence, and accommodation. ** Must be performed by a trained professional.
American Optometric Association. (2019). Limitations of Vision Screening Programs.
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Bedny, M., Richardson, H., & Saxe, R. (2015). “Visual” cortex responds to spoken language in blind children. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(33), 11674-11681.
Bourke, S., & Burgman, I. (2010). Coping with bullying in Australian schools: how children with disabilities experience support from friends, parents and teachers. Disability & Society, 25(3), 359-371.
Crocker, A. D., & Orr, R. R. (1996). Social behaviors of children with visual impairments enrolled in preschool programs. Exceptional Children, 62(5), 451-462.
Davis, P., & Hopwood, V. (2002). Including children with a visual impairment in the mainstream primary school classroom. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 2(3).
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Feagans, L. V., & Merriwether, A. (1990). Visual discrimination of letter-like forms and its relationship to achievement over time in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23(7), 417-425.
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Glewwe, P., West, K. L., & Lee, J. (2018). The impact of providing vision screening and free eyeglasses on academic outcomes: evidence from a randomized trial in title I elementary schools in Florida. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 37(2), 265-300.
Goldstand, S., Koslowe, K. C., & Parush, S. (2005). Vision, visual-information processing, and academic performance among seventh-grade schoolchildren: A more significant relationship than we thought? American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 59(4), 377-389.
Gudgel, D. (2014). Eye Screening for children. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Hopkins, W. G., Gaeta, H., Thomas, A. C., & Hill, P. N. (1987). Physical fitness of blind and sighted children. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 56(1), 69-73.
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Richardson, H., Saxe, R., & Bedny, M. (2023). Neural correlates of theory of mind reasoning in congenitally blind children. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 63, 101285.
Robertson, A. O., Tadić, V., & Rahi, J. S. (2021). This is me: A qualitative investigation of young people's experience of growing up with visual impairment. Plos one, 16(7).
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